active and passive voice rules how to make for class 10th

English Grammar: Rules of Active and passive voice

Here We are providing you English Grammar notes on Active/Passive Voice. These rules will be so helpful to grab score better in SSC Exams. 

Important Rules on Active Passive Voice

Active: They will do the work

Passive: The work will be done by them.

• When the person doing the action is the subject, we use an Active verb. But when the subject is what the action is pointed at, then we use a passive verb.

As in the above example, ACTIVE sentence is the one where the person (THEY) is also the subject of the sentence.

While PASSIVE sentence is the one, where the subject is the action showing word (WORK).

NOTE: However, the sentences only with transitive verb (verb with object) can be changed into PASSIVE VOICE.

For Example,

Active: The man is running.

Passive: Not Possible as the object after verb (Running) is missing.

To Recognize the Active & Passive Sentence easily ask these question.

• What is the action/verb in this sentence?
• What/who is the subject of this sentence?
• Is the subject of the sentence PERFORMING the action/verb?

If the answer to the last question is YES, then the sentence is in the ACTIVE voice. If the answer to the last question is NO, then the sentence is in the PASSIVE voice.

General Form:

Active: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT

Passive: OBJECT (OF ACTIVE VOICE) + HELPING VERB (FORM OF VERB “BE”) + PAST PARTICIPLE OF TRANSITIVE VERB + BY + SUBJECT (if required).

NOTE: Sometime while converting sentence from Passive Voice to Active voice, the subject is missing.

For Example,

Passive: The room was cleaned.

Active: Someone cleaned the room.

“BY SOMEONE” is missing from the Passive Sentence.

Conversion of Active to Passive Sentence in different Tenses

1. Present Simple Tense

Passive Voice: Object + is/am/are + Verb (3^rd form) + by + Subject

Active voice: He sings a song.

• He does not sing a song.
• Does he sing a song?

Passive voice: A song is sung by him.

• A song is not sung by him.
• Is a song sung by him?

2. Past Simple Tense

Passive voice: Object + was/were + Verb (3^rd form) + by + Subject

Active voice: I killed a snake

• I did not kill a snake.
• Did I kill a snake?

Passive voice:

• A snake was killed by me.
• A snake was not killed by me.
• Was a snake killed by me?

3. Future Simple Tense

Passive Voice: Object + will/shall + be + Verb (3^rd form) + by + Subject

Active voice: 

• She will buy a car.
• She will not buy a car.
• Will she buy a car?

Passive voice:

• A car will be bought by her.
• A car will not be bought by her.
• Will a car be bought by her?

4. Present Continuous Tense

Passive Voice: Object + is/am/are + being + Verb (3^rd form) + by + Subject

Active voice: 

• I am writing a letter
• I am not writing a letter.
• Am I writing a letter?

Passive voice: 

• A letter is being written by me.
• A letter is not being written by me.
• Is a letter being written by me?

5. Past Continuous Tense

Passive Voice: Object + was/were + being + Verb (3^rd form) + by + Subject

Active voice:

• He was driving a car.
• He was not driving a car.
• Was he driving a car?

 Passive voice:

• A car was being driven by him.
• A car was not being driven by him.
• Was a car being driven by him?

6. Present Perfect Tense

Passive voice: Object + has/have + been + Verb (3^rd form) + by + Subject

Active voice:

• She has finished her work
• She has not finished her work.
• Has she finished her work?

Passive voice:

• Her work has been finished by her.
• Her work has not been finished by her.
• Has her work been finished by her?

7. Past Perfect Tense

Passive Voice: Object + had + been + Verb (3^rd form) + by + Subject

Active voice:

• They had completed the assignment.
• They had not completed the assignment.
• Had they completed the assignment?

Passive voice:

• The assignment had been completed by them.
• The assignment had not been complete by them.
• Had the assignment been completed by them?

8. Future Perfect Tense

Passive Voice: Object + shall/will + have + been + Verb (3^rd form) + by + Subject

Active voice:

• You will have started the job.
• You will have not started the job.
• Will you have started the job?

Passive voice: 

• The job will have been started by you.
• The job will not have been started by you.
• Will the job have been started by you?

Important Points to Remember

• Future continuous & perfect continuous tenses do not form passive voice.
• Some verb cannot be passive like be, belong, exist, lack, resemble, seem, suit, have (= own).

For example:

• Tom has a guitar.
• The building seemed empty.
• Certain verb take fixed preposition after them that replaces the “by”. Such verb are – known to, surprised at/by, amazed at, astonished at, vexed at, annoyed with/at, contained in, decorated with, filled with, tired of, engulfed in. etc.

For example:

Active: The fire engulfed the building.

Passive: The building was engulfed in the fire.

• Some verb have two objects like give, send offer award etc. The sentence having these words have two possible passive forms.

For example:

Active: He gave me a book.

Passive 1: I was given a book by him.

Passive 2: A book was given to me by him.

from

https://gradeup.co/ssc-active-passive-voice-i-28e66aba-3525-11e6-b55b-7c0746793292

figures of speech for class 10th

“All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women are merely players!”. One of the most memorable lines in the English language, this sentence is a perfect example of figures of speech. They help lend the prose a lyrical and fresh quality. Let us learn more about figures of speech.

Figures of Speech

Language can be used in two ways – literally and figuratively. Literal language is direct and uses the real definition and meanings of words and phrases. But when we talk figuratively, the meaning of any word/phrase will depend on the context in which they are used. A figure of speech relies on such figurative language and rhetoric.

When using figures of speech the words will diverge from their literal meanings, to give a more stylized and specialized meaning to these words. Let us take for example the phrase”fast like lightning”. This phrase merely implies great speed, it does not mean literally as fast as lightning. Example: “On hearing the school bell the kids ran out of the class as fast as lightning”. 

(Source: flickr)

Types of Figures of Speech

Now there are dozens of types of figures of speech. But here we will be focussing on the five main ones we use in our daily prose.

1] Simile

A simile is a figure of speech that uses comparison. In a simile, we use two specific words “like” and “as” to compare two unlikely things, that actually have nothing in common. This is done to bring out the dramatic nature of the prose and invoke vivid images and comparisons. It is one of the most common forms of a figure of speech and is used in everything from day-to-day talk to poems.

Let us see some examples of simile. “She is as brave as a lion”. Here you will notice a girl and her bravery are being compared to a lion. this is an unusual and illogical comparison, but it brings out the vivid imagery and lyrical quality in the sentence. The literal sentence would have read “She is brave”, but using the simile makes it sound much better. Other such examples can be

• quite like a mouse
• as tall as a mountain
• as strong as an ox
• precious like an angel

Browse more Topics under Vocabulary

• Words
• Types of Phrases
• Synonyms and Antonyms
• Homonyms
• Idioms and Phrases

2] Metaphor

A metaphor and a simile are quite similar actually. A metaphor also uses compares to things that are in no way similar. It does so to bring out the symbolism. A metaphor is a word or phrase used to show its similarity to another thing. It helps to explain an idea, but if you take a metaphor at its literal meaning it will sound absurd.

An example of a metaphor is “Alex is a chicken”. Literally, this sounds so very absurd. But this is a metaphor which suggests that Alex is a coward, or frightened. It compares or implies that Alex is a chicken to bring out the symbolism. Some other examples are ‘love is a battlefield”, “all the world’s a stage”, “that technology is a dinosaur” etc.

from

https://www.toppr.com/guides/english/vocabulary/figures-of-speech/